UK grocery market

UK basic food item showcase ‘‘Co-Operative Foods Market Segmentation and Brand Positioning Basic food item Market Overview Market Structure The Co-Operative Group The Co-employable Foods Division Market Segmentation Purchaser Market Segmentation Target Marketing Communities Target Market Brand Positioning Advertising Mix (4Ps) Communities Brand Positioning Communities Brand Strategy 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 8 9 10 Official Summary The Co-Operative gathering is in UK advertise for more than 150 years and works over the food, travel, memorial service, drug store and banking and protection parts. It has 4.5 million individuals and around 5,300 retail outlets. This report gives an investigation and assessment of the methodology embraced by Co-Op so as to focus on the shoppers and market. It additionally investigates the brand situating of Co-Op in the staple retail showcase as per the customer requests. So as to do this investigation advertise division system is utilized to isolate the objective market into gatherings and by keeping the Co-Ops moral and fairtrade standards as a top priority. Brand situating procedures embraced by the Co-Op food were distinguished by utilizing the showcasing blend system (4Ps). It is discovered that Co-Op is having exceptional weight from its opponent Tesco and Sainsburys who are developing quickly into the accommodation retailing. In spite of the fact that Co-Ops benefits are gone up when contrasted with late years however there is still opportunity to get better. 1.0 Grocery Market Overview 1.1 Market Structure The UK basic food item showcase is principally overwhelmed by the large fours who have gained practically 64% of the piece of the overall industry and of which Tesco is holding the 30% of the piece of the overall industry (Mintel 2009) and it likewise shows the oligopolistic idea of the market. The staple market players have isolated their clients into two gatherings: essential customers and top-up customers , and as indicated by Mintel (2009) the essential shopping is ruled by enormous fours (Tesco, Sainsburys, Asda and Morrisons) in addition to Waitrose who are sharing 80% of the piece of the overall industry. The UK is through its most exceedingly terrible ever downturn which has additionally influenced the staple retailers and lead to change their methodologies. As per Keynote (2009) the ‘hard markdown procedure was received by most retailers in most recent two years which was very effective. Another procedure embraced by the market retailers is to expand their chains in rustic zones in type of accommodation stores so as to targets individuals who have a little access to general stores (Mintel 2009). 1.2 The Co-Operative Group This is UK base co-employable built up in 1863 and it is very expanded association which mostly works through its two divisions: exchanging and money related administrations. The Co-Operative gathering is notable for its moral nature and reasonable exchange standards which reflects inside its association and separates it from its rivals. The Co-employable Group works over the food, travel, burial service, drug store and banking and protection parts. It has 4.5 million individuals and around 5,300 retail outlets 1.3 The Co-Operative Foods The Co-OP food worked in UK through its 2223 food stores which can be found in two organizations: comfort stores and little/medium estimated general stores (Data screen 2008) The Co-Op food lies on the fifth spot in staple retail showcase with 8% shares, because of its merger with Somerfield in July 2008 (Mintel 2008). The Co-Op used to be the UKs biggest basic food item retailer in 1960s and through Somerfield obtaining it will be capable addition this position again in neighborhood advertise. As indicated by the Telegraph (2009) Peter Marks, CEO of the Co-operation said that: ‘‘the move from the enormous four UK retailers Tesco, Asda, Sainsburysand Morrisons-to a major five including the Co-operation will additionally help rivalry for UK customers. The Co-Op focuses on its customers through its moral and charge exchange approach which is the primary accentuation of the Co-Op bunch as expressed previously. The key system embraced by Co-Op is ‘be neighborhood act nearby yet lately they are having serious rivalry from Tesco and Sainsburys who are broadened their business in comfort area and develop quickly. 2.0 Segmentation As indicated by Jobber (2004) the manners by which people and associations with comparative attributes were assembled that have huge ramifications for the assurance of market procedure is called advertise division. 2.1 Market Segmentation Every purchaser can go about as an expected separate market because of its special requests and needs (Kotler 2005). It relies upon organizations to either follow this methodology or not, organizations can rehearse no division (mass promoting), total division (micromarketing) or something in the middle of (specialty advertising) as indicated by Kotler (2005) The Co-Op food is following the micromarketing approach rather mass promoting which has its own downsides. Kotler (2005) says that the micromarketing is a method of fitting items to suit people as indicated by their taste and needs. Through these standards (Co-Op) it is focusing on the nearby market by keeping them in advantageous areas and tending to the key moral issues. Despite the fact that with the merger with Somerfield in July 2008 (Mintel 2008) they got some medium estimated general store in their camp yet the primary center is as yet the ‘c-store group. 2.2 Consumer Market Segmentation As Kotler (2005) expressed that there is no single method to portion a purchaser showcase. An advertiser needs to attempt distinctive division variable either alone or in mixes. These portions can be separated into four gatherings: * Behavioral Segmentation * Psychographic Segmentation * Geographic Segmentation * Demographic Segmentation The Co-Op is for the most part focusing on the social and psychographic shopper fragments. Through psychographic approach it is focusing on the buyer based on their social class, way of life just as their character through its moral and natural food items. Then again through social division it is focusing on people groups faithfulness, their use rate and disposition towards its item run. 3.0 Target Marketing Picking a particular fragment to serve in a market is called target showcasing (Jobber 2004), additionally firms need to section the market and focus on that portion so as to work adequately. 3.1 Co-Ops Target Market The division procedure is been embraced by the Co-Op Food so as to stay serious in the market. The Co-Ops target advertise is given underneath: * Neighborhood advertise * Ethical market * Fair exchange showcase * Top-up customers These previously mentioned zones are the key portions focused by the Co-Op, as it chiefly works in c-store configuration and it accentuation on giving new food items by focusing on the neighborhood showcase and by remembering its moral situation and fairtrade standards. There is another significant section it targets is top-up shopping market, through this region Co-Op gets the chance to pick up client and acquaint them with their moral standards. 4.0 Brand Positioning 4.1 Marketing Mix (4Ps) The advertising blend model which is otherwise called 4Ps is utilized as an apparatus by advertiser so as to actualize the market procedure. The 4Ps are: * Product * Price * Place * Promotion Item: Co-Ops item offering is entirely straightforward, it has fairtrade items, natural items and furthermore essentially extend which targets practically all sections of the market based on quality and morals. As indicated by Mintel (2009) the greater part of the grocery stores have the great better-best item extend yet Co-Op is so far focusing on the better and best item go. Not many of the key brand item offered by Co-Op are referenced in table2. Cost: At Co-Op the cost is a major issue at Co-Op which can be normal at an accommodation store however its their moral position which keeps the costs high as well. However, so as to stay serious Co-Op offers scope of limited items and through its devotion cards it offers a chance to get focuses against spending which can be utilized for additional shopping at store. Spot: This is the most significant piece of the procedure embraced by Co-Op through finding its stores at advantageous and open spots. As revealed by Mintel (2009) the main measures by C-store customer is the area instead of cost. Because of its helpful position of stores Co-Op gives youngster cordial and time amicable condition directly in the core of network for its clients who discover of town shopping tedious and unpleasant. Advancement: The current trademark by Co-Op is ‘Good with food. Different activities incorporate the ‘Green speck plot, featuring solid items. For the most part Co-Op advance its brands through nearby radio and TV and furthermore by giving in neighborhood network ventures 4.2 Co-Ops brand situating As indicated by Mintel (2009) the key standard followed by the Co-Op is getting into the market with greater brand imminent which weve seen by the securing of Somerfield. Through this merger, Co-Ops gone greater yet at the same time theyve selected to stay in the core of nearby network by going about as neighborhood accommodation store. Furthermore, this message is passed on by the Somerfields brand message ‘Britains most loved nearby merchant. 4.3 Co-Ops Brand Strategy The Co-usable Group has received solid brand system so as to continue the pieces of the pie. As expressed by Mintel (2009) its brands lie based on * moral certifications * natural issues * nearby sourcing * Fairtrade. This is underlined by Mintels purchaser research, with the Co-operations clients the well on the way to purchase privately sourced and Fairtrade things. So as to turn into a capable retailer Co-Op propelled it Ethical Food Policy which came about in view of good reaction from its 250,000 individuals. As result Co-operation exchanged the entirety of its top notch meat items with RSPCA Freedom-food mark (Mintel 2008). Just worth brand is likewise a substitution for each range and really it is a Somerfield brand 5.0 Conclusion Despite the fact that Co-Op works through its larg

MEKANISME HEMOSTASIS Essays - , Term Papers

MEKANISME HEMOSTASIS Urutan mekanisme hemostasis dan koagulasi dapat dijelaskan sebagai berikut: 1. Segera setelah pembuluh darah terpotong atau pecah, rangsangan dari pembuluh darah yang rusak itu menyebabkan dinding pembuluh berkontraksi sehingga dengan segera aliran darah dari pembuluh darah yang pecah akan berkurang (terjadi vasokontriksi). 2. Setelah itu, akan diikuti oleh adhesi trombosit, yaitu penempelan trombosit pada kolagen. ADP (adenosin difosfat) kemudian dilepaskan oleh trombosit kemudian ditambah dengan tromboksan A2 menyebabkan terjadinya agregasi (penempelan trombosit satu sama lain). Expositions aktivasi trombosit ini terus terjadi sampai terbentuk sumbat trombosit, disebut juga hemostasis preliminary. 3. Setelah itu dimulailah kaskade koagulasi (lihat gambar.1) yaitu hemostasis sekunder, diakhiri dengan pembentukan fibrin. Produksi fibrin dimulai dengan perubahan faktor X menjadi faktor Xa. Faktor X diaktifkan melalui dua jalur, yaitu jalur ekstrinsik dan jalur intrinsik. Jalur ekstrinsik dipicu oleh tissue factor/tromboplastin. Kompleks lipoprotein tromboplastin selanjutnya bergabung dengan faktor VII bersamaan dengan hadirnya particle kalsium yang nantinya akan mengaktifkan faktor X. Jalur intrinsik diawali oleh keluarnya plasma atau kolagen melalui pembuluh darah yang rusak dan mengenai kulit. Paparan kolagen yang rusak akan mengubah faktor XII menjadi faktor XII yang teraktivasi. Selanjutnya faktor XIIa akan bekerja secara enzimatik dan mengaktifkan faktor XI. Faktor XIa akan mengubah faktor IX menjadi faktor IXa. 4. faktor IXa akan bekerja sama dengan lipoprotein trombosit, faktor VIII, serta particle kalsium untuk mengaktifkan faktor X menjadi faktor Xa. 5. faktor Xa yang dihasilkan dua jalur berbeda itu akan memasuki jalur bersama. Faktor Xa akan berikatan dengan fosfolipid trombosit, particle kalsium, dan juga faktor V sehingga membentuk aktivator protrombin. 6. Selanjutnya senyawa itu akan mengubah protrombin menjadi trombin. Trombin selanjutnya akan mengubah fibrinogen menjadi fibrin (longgar), dan akhirnya dengan bantuan fakor VIIa dan particle kalsium, fibrin tersebut menjadi kuat. Fibrin inilah yang akan menjerat sumbat trombosit sehingga menjadi kuat. 7. Selanjutnya apabila sudah tidak dibutuhkan lagi, bekuan darah akan dilisiskan melalui expositions fibrinolitik. Compositions ini dimulai dengan adanya proaktivator plasminogen yang kemudian dikatalis menjadi aktivator plasminogen dengan adanya enzim streptokinase, kinase jaringan, serta faktor XIIa. Selanjutnya plasminogen akan diubah menjadi plasmin dengan bantuan enzim seperti urokinase. Plasmin inilah yang akan mendegradasi fibrinogen/fibrin menjadi fibrin debasement item [pic] Gangguan hemostasis (perdarahan irregular) dapat disebabkan oleh beberapa hal di bawah ini: 1. Kelainan vaskuler Kelainan vaskuler adalah sekelompok kelompok keadaan heterogen, yang ditandaiu oleh mudah memar dan perdarahan spontan dari poembuluh darah kecil. Kelainan yang mendasari terletak pada pembuluh darah itu sendiri atau dalam jaringan ikat perivaskular. Pada keadaan dseperti ini, uji penyaring standart part hasil typical. Masa perdarahan ordinary, uji hemostasis lain juga typical. Kelainan vaskular ini terdapat dua jenis yakni herediter yang berupa Telangiektasia hemoragik herediter, serta kelainan jaringan ikat. Jenis yang lain adalah Defek vaskular didapat . 2. Trombositopenia Trombositopenia didefinisikan sebagai jumlah trombosit kurang dari 100.000/mm3. Biasanya ditandai dengan purpura kulit spontan, perdarahan mukosa, dan perdarahan berkepanjangan setelah injury. Beberapa penyebab trombositopenia antara lain: (1)Kegagalan produksi trombosit .Ini merupakan penyebab tersering trombositopenia yang biasanya juga merupakan bagian dari kegagalan sumsum tulang generalisata Penekanan megakarisit selektif dapat disebabkan oleh toksisitas obat atau infeksi infection. (2)Peningkatan destruksi trombosit, Hal ini dibagi menjadi beberapa jenis yakni: a.Trombositopenia imun,termasuk di dalamnya ITP, karena infeksi, purpura pascatranfusi, Trombositopenia imun karena diinduksi obat, b.Purpura trombositopenia trombotik c.Koagulasi intravaskular diseminata, (3)Distribusi trombosit unusual, (4)Kehilangan akibat dilusi, yakni berupa transfuse masif darah simpan pada pasien dengan perdarahan. 3. Gangguan koagulasi Bisa karena herediter maupun didapat, yang umumnya menggangu faktor-faktor koagulasi. a.Herediter : hemofilia A dan hemofilia B b.Didapat : defisiensi nutrient K dan penyakit hati 4.Gangguan fungsi trombosit Dibagi menjadi dua jenis, yakni: a.Didapat 1) karena obat against trombosit seperti anti-inflamatory medicine, 2).hiperglobulinemia, 3).kelainan mieloproliferatif dan mielodisplastik , serta 4)Uremia. b.Kelainan herediter 1) Trombastenia, 2)Sinsrom Bernard soulier, 3) Penyakit penyimpanan KELAINAN KOAGULASI . Hemofili A . Hemofili B . Kekurangan vit K (II,VII, IX, XI) Ganggan fungsi hati . DIC Adanya tissue factor (endotoxin, kerusakan jaringan dll) TF aktivasi koagulasi diikuti aktifasi fibrinolitik bergantian. Trombositopeni, APTT, PPT, TT memanjang, fibrinogen turun, FDP squestrasi PEMERIKSAAN LAB HEMOFILIA . Coagulating time memanjang . APTT memanjang . Kadar Faktor VII menurun pada hemophilia A dan faktor IX menurun pada hemophilia B Finding DARI HASIL LAB PADA HEMOFILIA . Coagulating time memanjang, Bleeding time ordinary . APTT memanjang, PPT typical

American History Since 1865 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

American History Since 1865 - Essay Example It was somewhat fruitful in doing as such for certain years however the future occasions demonstrated that the settlement was a finished disappointment. The brutal terms of the settlement ingrained a craving for retribution in the hearts of Germans and advanced the ascent of Nazism which at last prompted the Second World War. 2. The essential issues of the Scope Trial were instruction and science v. religion. What were the more extensive social ramifications? What did this preliminary uncover about the American open at that point? How are these issues significant today? The Scopes preliminary basically spoke to a contention among science and religion, however it had more extensive social ramifications. It set off a discussion on social issues like radicalism, the right to speak freely of discourse and restriction. The way that Dayton got monstrous help the nation over much after he was indicted blameworthy was an unmistakable sign that the American open supported opportunity. Individ uals supported innovation and progressivism and the opportunity of decision over preservationist belief system. With respect to questionable theme, the overall population was of the conclusion it should just involve individual decision about what is correct. The Scopes preliminary occurred years back however the issue is still new in the current period. The open despite everything banters on the issue of opportunity over subjects like premature birth, gay relationships and sex training in schools. Works Cited Bailey, Thomas, Lizabeth Cohen and David M Kennedy. The American Pageant-Vol. II.

Gender Comparisons in Cognitive Abilities Essay Example for Free

Sex Comparisons in Cognitive Abilities Essay Sex contrasts are not just perceptible in physical and regenerative territories undoubtedly. These physical and conceptive contrasts are insignificant as far as the determinants of how people work the extent that different issues identifying with their cognizance are concerned (Gur et al. 1999). Sex hormones that are emitted during their advancement are liable for the distinction in mind associations of people. People have been appeared by a few examinations to adapt distinctively because of the distinction in their discernment. Kimura (2000) proposed that even at early stages, young ladies look at objects longer than young men a contention that offers reason to the way that young men have consideration issues. Their tactile frameworks show an inconsistency even at such a youthful age, something that perseveres into mature age. Notwithstanding the abovementioned, ladies will in general recollect a few things like land checks better than the men who recall headings and separation. These are the spatial prompts that the men are in an ideal situation in instead of ladies (Kimura 2000). A bunch of different contrasts have been proposed particularly in semantic, relational, intelligent and numerical, melodic, intrapersonal and phonetic among different territories. As the earth begins following up on the individual young men and young ladies after birth, they as of now have wired cerebrums that show contrasts by they way they react to the above zones that lead to the distinctions. The females and guys contrasts in their scholarly resources lie in their capacities instead of their Intelligence Quotient, which might be the equivalent in young ladies and young men, every single other factor held steady however the inspected young ladies and young men will have contrasts in their semantic and most likely their spatial capacities. Various regions of the cerebrum are appropriate for different assignments and which the guys and females have contrasting use capacities in. Spatial contrasts By and large, considers have discovered that male beat female in spatial exercises/spatial perceptions like in circumstances that require the pivot of items in a given space or in control of articles somehow or simply mental turn. They are likewise ready to exceed ladies in assignments which manage moving of their way through a labyrinth of courses however this does exclude getting a handle on of milestones for use as a memorable way their courses while ladies can review tourist spots beyond what men can. What's more, men are in an ideal situation than ladies in the precision with which they target protests either in development or in their static positions. They likewise well in disembedding shrouded objects. This reaches out to capture attempt or managing of shots and capacity to understand any developments in the field of vision. This exhibition cuts over all ages as appeared by Kaufman et. al (1999) that utilized the Weischeler Adult Intelligence Scales-Revised (WAIS-R) in deciding liquids and solidified contrasts in people. The investigation expresses that the capacity to focus on an article grows a long time before pubescence. The exhibition of people on Block Design, Digital Symbol and Information demonstrated that men beat ladies in Block Design and Information while ladies showed improvement over men in Digital Symbol. Verbal familiarity with 2003, Shaywitz et al. had the option to perceive contrasts in sexual orientation to the extent the brain’s language practical association is concerned. They utilized an examination called the utilitarian reverberation imaging and through this, females demonstrated a larger number of capacities in verbal familiarity than men. This incorporated their way of obtaining and longer ranges of consideration in discussion dissimilar to men who lingered behind. They likewise would in general exceed expectations in memory undertakings like familiarity with age of equivalent words and better speed of distinguishing proof of coordinating articles or things in light of the fact that their discernment abilities are better than those of their male partners (Shaywitz, B et al. (1995,). Kimura, 1996). They exhibit better review capacity connected to verbal familiarity than men notwithstanding having a higher roundabout memory. They additionally demonstrate a more noteworthy capacity to figure words that start with a specific letter beyond what the men can do. The fields of preparing, semantic and essential recollections don't anyway show any distinction in people. Men then again demonstrated better execution in semantic measures and a higher request in the solidified factor of knowledge. Because of the greater cortical space in females appointed for language and its capacities, there is less space left for the working of the spatial space which suggests that females can't be superior to men in both language and spatial capacities. Critical thinking Tasks There are contrasts in sexual orientation to the extent the brain’s critical thinking errands are worried as announced by Gur et al. (1999) that led different investigations and introduced test to an example of people under same condition. The outcomes were reason for the end drawn. To begin with, number juggling contrasts tests demonstrated that men are higher subjective capacities as far as arithmetic estimations and thinking than ladies. In this test, set of numerical based inquiries were posed to the chose test; men reacted more precise and brisk than ladies who showed gradualness and mistake in determined reactions. In another trial, a bit of paper was collapsed with a punched opening, and afterward the members were approached to figure out where punched gap will fall if the paper will be unfurled. Most men reacted accurately and rapidly in figuring out where the gap will fall should the paper be opened than their female partners. In addition, items and pictures were set before the member and requested to pivot questions and control the pictures. Men exceeded expectations better than ladies on this critical thinking task. Ultimately, considers show that when people are focusing on or focusing on an item, men are bound to get their objective than ladies can. This infers ladies are less precise in target-coordinated engine abilities for instance blocking shots. To attest this finding, the down to earth model that can be utilized to clarify this objective direct engine ability is by quintessence that men are acceptable at target including games like dart playing than ladies. Along these lines, critical thinking task favors men than ladies as in men perform better than ladies in spatial endeavors like undertakings that include mental pivoting objects. Enthusiastic adapting Cognitive capacities of a person to incredible expand help in procedure of adapting to pressure or melancholy. The substance that encourages association between adapting to feelings and psychological capacities is on the grounds that through utilization of insight that an individual can think, see and respond to the encompassing. In such manner, knowledge expected to adapt to feelings is characterized as intellectual capacity and substance of the idea which vary significantly in men than ladies (Shaywitz et al. 1999; Gur et al. 1999). The meta-investigations considers directed found that men are less influenced with feelings than ladies. For example, ladies were seen as influenced by maladaptive or negative considering a passionate issue than male. Men normally enjoy liquor abuse, forceful practices and savage practices. While ladies are more terrible influenced by the passionate since are typically discouraged and can create different eating and mental issue like bulimic or tension. Contrasts in exactness in manual errands Women are somewhat quicker than men in accuracy to the extent some manual undertakings like setting pegs in the openings on a given board. Combined with their capacity to review the places of articles more definitely than men, ladies show a more noteworthy probability of supplanting an item to its underlying situation with a more prominent precision than men or state whether a given item had been uprooted or not. Ladies accordingly show a superior fine engine coordination when contrasted with men The neuroanatomic distinction in guys and females has been found to add to psychological capacities particularly those that are sexual in nature. Females have XX hereditary make-up while guys have XY. These qualities assume an extraordinary job in separation and it is because of the nonattendance of the Y chromosome in females that prompts the arrival of androgens which are the male hormones. These hormones cause the female to create. A few periods when there is the arrival of sex hormones, there is an effect in the mind which prompts contrasts in insight from the periods when there is no hormonal discharge. Pre-birth improvement period has demonstrated the best degrees of hormone discharge as indicated by a few explores done (Shaywitz et. al 2003). During pubescence the degrees of the hormones do rise again and these changes proceed for the duration of one’s life expectancy. Research has set up that young ladies who were presented to high testosterone levels were appeared to show more noteworthy spatial abilities when contrasted and different young ladies who had not been presented to the hormone. This shows the male hormone testosterone is liable for the spatial capacities that guys have. Guys give some greatness at critical thinking in school more than females notwithstanding working out numerous decision tests superior to females. Such assessments like SATs are acted in preferred by guys over females who, obviously well in composed and untimed tests while getting higher by and large evaluations in their tutoring years. Young ladies have likewise end up being preferable entertainers in math over guys up to secondary school level where they drop, a perspective that has been credited to the incorporation of m metal spatially situated math in which the young ladies seem, by all accounts, to be lower in execution than guys (Shaywitz, B et al. 1995). Guys are known to have a bigger cerebrum than females with a size which is 10% bigger than that of females. A few inquires about have demonstrated that there is a relationship between's the size of the mind and scholarly capacities. The males’ cerebrums have more cerebrospinal and white issue than the minds

A Look At Picasso Essay Example For Students

A Look At Picasso Essay Picassos Guernica is novel and not at all like some other photo or painting of a recorded war scene. Verifiable photos show scenes and catch minutes in time, however when seeing them an immaterial divider exists between the watcher and the photo. The contrast among photos and unique artistic creations is that the painting permits the watcher to get through the divider and really experience the sentiments and feelings communicated in the artwork. We just observe what we take a gander at and to look is demonstration of decision. (Methods of Seeing 8) The picture takers method of seeing is reflected in his decision of subject, they are giving you what they need you to see. (Methods of Seeing 10) Photographs are taken for an explanation; there are numerous different edges or different scenes a picture taker can browse and it is dependent upon the photographic artist to choose which one the watcher sees. Generally, the watcher just observes one part of the picture caught with the focal po int of the camera. For instance, when just the leader of a figure is obvious in an image which bids to visual thinkingas recognized, for instance, from a news photo which many utilize the feeling of sight only to illuminate us regarding what went on in a certain placethat figure is consistently to be viewed as being inadequate. (Arnheim 11) The eye can't proceed past the fringes of the photo and the completeness of the image is lost. In a work of art, the craftsman has painted the entirety of the components to be seen at the same time. The onlooker may require time to look at every component of the work of art however at whatever point he arrives at a resolution the synchronization of the entire artistic creation is here to converse or quality his decision. (Methods of Seeing 26) A work of art keeps up its own position, the artwork doesn't catch transitory appearances it makes its own. In doing so the watcher turns into a piece of the work of art, when the watcher steps from the canvas he is not, at this point an impact or a piece of the artwork. Canvases can not be found in two places simultaneously, when the camera recreates an artistic creation, it obliterates the uniqueness of its picture. (Methods of Seeing13) The uniqueness is wrecked in light of the fact that the artwork presently goes to the observer rather then the onlooker to the composition. The watcher, sees it in their environmental factors and it is affected by their environmental factors. (Methods of Seeing 19) The genuine significance of Picassos Guernica is lifted out of existence organizes in the common war to turn into a summa on all wars and all casualties. (Nash 17)On April 26, 1937 German planes dropped bombs on the town of Guernica and caused numerous regular citizen losses. (Bar 200) When news arrived at the world, open objections stir in light of the fact that the town was the first ever to be besieged so as to scare a regular citizen populace. (Achievement and Failure 166) In January of 1937 Picasso was dispatched by the Spanish Government to paint a wall painting for its structure at the Worlds Fair in Paris. He played with the subject of the Spanish Civil War yet after the besieging happened, he was affected to paint about the episode. (Arnheim 18) His first sketch was done on May 1, 1937, only 34 days after the fact Guernica was finished. (Mallen)Guernica was a remarkable painting for Picasso to make since he ne ver needed to be impacted by the outside world. History specialists contend that Guernica is simply the exemption and Picasso permitted him to be impacted and communicated his perspectives. This suspicion has urge history specialists incline to look for political inspiration in show-stoppers to peruse Guernica as Picassos explanation on the issues of the Spanish common War. (Chip 69) It is realized that Picasso was a craftsman who took a stab at keeping away from any social obligations. Quite a while companion, D.- H. Kahnweiler frequently expressed that he was the most unopinionated man he had ever known. (Chipp 6) Picasso spoke with an American journalist once and expressed, I have not painted the war since I am not the sort of painter who goes out like a picture taker. In any case, without question the war is in these works of art I have done. (Nash 13)When the watcher strips away the entirety of the policy driven issues related with Guernica, it is a painting about how Picasso e nvisions enduring; and in it he is painting his own enduring as he every day hears the report from his own nation. (Achievement and Failure 169) Guernica doesn't influence the work of art, the artistic creation impacts Guernica. Or maybe then re-make a heartbreaking occasion he had not in any case seen, he was looking for a theme of individual centrality that would pass on the force of his sentiments about all that he was responding to. (Chip 71) Guernica is a somewhat unpredictable blended arrangement of feelings felt by Picasso, he himself has considered the artistic creation an allegorybut never completely clarified the images he had utilized and this is likely on the grounds that they have an excessive number of implications for him.(Success and Failure 167) On one degree of Guernica, Picasso discovered a portion of his emotions through the exhibition occasion of bull battling. (Chipp 46) As a kid Picasso was captivated by bullfighting, a national diversion in his nation of orig in of Spain, and developed to appreciate the custom. Bullfighting may move fiercely in the bullring from a festival of human imaginativeness, aptitude, and mental fortitude to the hopelessness of a severe passing in the fields bloodied sands. (Chipp 47)When Picasso made his first sketch of Guernica, he related the primary idea to the main second in the bullfight when there are no victors, just casualties, the corrida. The corrida happens when the bull is lured to assault the pony and keeping in mind that the bull guts the pony, the picador drives his spear into the bulls stressing neck muscles. For the bull this implies despite the fact that he is getting a charge out of a snapshot of blissful delight, he is likewise enduring grave harm to his offensives capabilitieshis incredible neck musclesthat will make him an increasingly prepared casualty to the bullfighters blade in the last demonstration. (Chipp 50) The brutality of the bull-horse battle is a great visual simple of the miser y of the human survivors of Guernica just as that of the Spanish individuals, isolated and secured a self-destructive common war while reeling under the attacks of remote intruders. (Chipp 71)Another part of Guernica that communicates enduring to the watcher is that the pony is portrayed without a peto. A peto is a cushioned coat that the pony is legally necessary to wear so as to help facilitate its affliction. Under the steady gaze of 1927 when this law became effective, the two creatures were destined to bite the dust in the ring and consistently endured extraordinarily during the experience, consequently giving the principal demonstration of the corrida a piercing part of suffering.(Chipp 50) This part of enduring may have been utilized to represent the vulnerable enduring that was suffered by the individuals of Guernica. Costa Rica EssayAll three pictures share a repeating theme, they all have a high stun worth and show that genuine good limits have been crossed. Specialists have constantly communicated through drawings, works of art, or photos with the goal that when something comparative happens, it tends to be brought into the open eye for reflection and addressing. The conversation on Picassos Guernica and Goyas Disaster of War prints, shows the part of how works of art catch the watcher and brings them into the picture. It likewise presents the distinction among Guernica and the Disaster of War prints; mostly that Picasso painted the scene so it would live out in the watchers mind while Goya solidified scenes in time. The banner And Babies?, while still a comparable scene to that of Picassos and Goyas artworks, restrains the watcher from entering the picture. A divider exists that prevents the watcher from being immersed by the photo. The work of art is a finished sentence, while the photo is feeling the loss of an action word or a thing hence rendering it a deficient sentence. Picasso once composed on the detachment among artistic creations and photos, one essentially paintsone doesnt glue ones thoughts on a work of art, if the painter has thoughts, they come out of how he paints things. Picassos Guernica is really extraordinary in light of t he fact that he was just painting and not sticking thoughts or freezing time like Disaster of War And Babies?.

White Out COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

White Out COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog I am not a meteorologist and I rarely watch local television news (I prefer the PBS NewsHour), however my highly unscientific observation is that it has snowed a great deal in New York City in the past month seemingly more than any other year that I lived in New York City. Normally after a storm the snow will entirely disappear after a few days, however one storm has followed another week after week and the city has thus been perpetually covered in snow for over a month. I   posted some pictures after the blizzard that hit the day after Christmas and a few readers mentioned they liked the pictures.   It snowed yet again on Wednesday night and I took some more pictures on the way in to work Thursday.   Some of these were taken with my Blackberry so they are not the best quality, but I hope you enjoy them anyway. The main gate at 116th and Broadway has some statues and they were fashionably snowed on. The trees on the main walk were pretty with the snow covering the branches.   Later the snow becomes pretty alarming when the temperature warms up and the snow crashes on top of unsuspecting pedestrians. These are the same bikes I took a picture of last time, and I do not think many of them have moved. Those of you that have visited the International Affairs Building might be familiar with the fish bowl that is a part of the main lobby.   It was covered in snow . . . . . . and later on there were some SIPA students exhibiting joint cooperation by making a snow man to watch over the fish bowl.

The Formation of the Old Redstone in the Island of Kerrera - 2200 Words

The Formation of the Old Redstone in the Island of Kerrera (Essay Sample) Content: THE OLD RED SANDSTONE FORMATION IN ISLAND OF KERRERANameCourseProfessorUniversityDateIntroductionThe island of Kerrera is in the Firth of Lorne between the areas of Mull and the Scottish mainland and is opposite the town of Oban. The Island is approximately 6.5 miles long and two miles wide.The Old Red Sandstone in Kerrera is a combination of red and brown sandstones, conglomerates, and shales deposited on the island during the Devonian age of geologic time. The old red sandstone, which contrasts with the other typical formations of the Devonian age, is largely a continental formation, laid down in both freshwaters and on land resulting from erosion from the highlands. (Infoplease.com, 2015).The Devonian period refers to a period in geological times during the Paleozoic era. The Devonian period came after the Silurian Period and preceded the Carboniferous period. It occurred 419.2 million to 358.9 million years ago. Some geologists refer to the Devonian period as the age of fishes. This phrase came into use because of the different, several and shocking types of creatures that lived and swam in the Devonian seas. For instance, in the early Devonian there were forests and coiled shell bearing marines organisms known as ammonites emerged. In the late years of the Devonian period, there appeared the first four-legged amphibians that led to the vertebrates colonizing the land.Formation of the Old Red SandstoneSandstone is a type of sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks are types of rocks made when the other rocks break down into small fragments, and later the pieces join to form a new stone. Sandstones are also forms of rocks that form over centuries. It occurs when sand accumulates in rivers, lakes, oceans, valleys, in addition, the floors of other water bodies. The accumulated sand later blends with quarts or calcites and with time undergoes compression to form substances that are like rocks. The combination of sand and quartz undergoes pressure an d these two or more elements after combining form the sandstones. Geologists have estimated the sand-sized grains to have a measurement of about one over sixteenth to two millimeters.Several theories explain the formation of the old red sandstone in Kerrera. The old red sandstone was a representation of the period when the ocean closure and collisions between continents resulted in a geography of the world that was largely different much to those of the Palaeozonic times. (Barclay et al., 2005).One of the theories explains and proposes that the old red sandstone is a form of a thick sequence of Devonian rocks, which formed from 416 million to 359.2 million years ago. The theory also explains that the sandstone is continental in origin but not marine (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2016). According to this theory, the rocks were deposited in the structural basins found between the mountains. These mountains came into existence during the Devonian period when a section of Europe and a large land mass collided. After the collision thick deposits of sand and mud, some as thick as, thirty-six thousand feet deep, slowly collected and accumulated at the sinking basins. These deposits of sand contained oxidized red minerals.The second theory states that the old red sandstone formed from rivers systems that were meandering and flowing across the arid global environment. According to the proposers of this theory, the rocks comprise of red sandstones that are red in color and interbedded with fine-grained and rich in Mich. The rocks have sandstones and sandy green, mudstones, and shale that have a combination of red and purple colors. During the formation of the old red sandstones, the thick mudstones beds formed at the top while the pebbly sandstones and conglomerates collected and formed layers at the bottom.Composition of sandstonePetrographically (mineralogy and texture) or chemically are the two primary ways of ascertaining the composition of sandstones. (Eynatten, Barcel o   -Vidal And Pawlowsky-Glahn, 2003). Obtaining the petrographic composition of sandstone requires analyzing their framework components using light mineral analysis.Sandstone mostly contains quartz, feldspar, and lithic minerals. However, sandstones may also contain other minerals determined by the mineralogical maturity of the sandstone. (Nelson, 2013). Sandstones also contain smaller clay or silt-sized crusts held together by cement that is usually made up of either carbonate or silica.(Sandatlas.org, 2013).The composition also contains little amounts of oxide, which are residues of iron-bearing minerals.Quartz makes more than two-thirds of all the sandstone minerals. The reason for this is that in crystalline rocks like granitoid, schist and gneisses, quartz is one of the most abundant minerals. Quartz has high hardness and does not have cleavage making it more durable, quartz is stable under the present conditions of the earths service, and it is not highly soluble in water. Quartz as a component of sandstone occurs as monocrystalline and polycrystalline grains and shows undulatory extinction, which occurs because of the deformation of the preexisting rock from which the pebbles came from and this also, leads to the sandstone also deforming. (Nelson, 2013).Sometimes quartz may have a milky color, and known as white quartz. The white quartz forms because of bubbles filled with fluids. The white quartz is not common in sandstones, but their presence is an indicator that the quartz is either pegmatite or vein quartz. Sandstone with monocrystalline quartz does not undergo undulatory extinction because the monocrystalline quartz is more stable than the polycrystalline quartz grains in a sedimentary environment.Feldspar is less stable than quartz at the earths surface conditions. Because of its less stable form, feldspar only forms only between ten to fifteen percent of sandstones. Feldspar in sandstones consists of plagioclase, alkali feldspar. Plagioclase source is both from the metarphohic sources and from igneous sources. However, plagioclase can also come from volcanic sources, and plagioclase from volcanic source shows zoning. Alkali feldspar comes from igneous, volcanic, and metamorphic sources. The types of feldspar from igneous and metamorphic sources are orthoclase and microcline. The kind of feldspar from volcanic sources is sanidine. Another source of feldspar is the plutonic igneous source that forms a type of feldspar known as microperthile.The third type of sandstone composition is lithic fragments. These fragments are very unstable in sedimentary environments. Sandstones can contain any rock fragments, but some kinds of rocks are common in sandstones than others. The reason that some pieces are highly available includes the area of the source drainage basin, location of the drainage basin, the stability of the fragments in any sedimentary environment, and the size of the fragments crystals.The strata and structure of th e old red sandstoneStratification refers to the process through which the sediment layers stack over each other occurring on the scale of hundreds of meters and scale down to smaller scales of millimeters. (Indiana.edu, n.d.). The old red sandstone of Kerrera structure is visible to the naked eye. Just like sedimentary rocks, sandstones also have layers. The sandstone layers are visible because of the variation in the size of the grains, and the layers are transparent because they have different colors.There are some forms of structures and stratification of the red sandstones. One of the common structures is the graded bedding in which the grains gradually becomes smaller, and its more coarse at the bottom and becomes finer as it approaches the top.Another form of stratification is cross bedding also known as cross stratification. In this kind of structure, the rock fragments become deposited at an angle in the main sequence. During the formation of cross bedding, the sand waves t ransport the sand grains during which the sediments erode along the slopes and then redeposit in the current down slope. Cross-bedded sandstone layers form when several of these sand waves carry sand into an area, and more sediment deposited than eroded. The inclination of the cross- beds determines the transport direction of the sediments and the flow of current. Another method for the formation of cross bedding sandstone structures is after the wind blows over a land surface covered with sand and creates sand dunes.Classes of red sandstone in KerreraKerrera as an island has water all around it. The combination of water and land surface brings several types of sandstones and the classification based on the mineralogy of the grains and the matrix type that is present between the grains. (Wiki.aapg.org, 2015). The first type is the shoreline sandstones. Shoreline sandstones are convex shaped, face upwards and mostly associated with marine and lagoonal shales and both are the sources of the sediments forming these sandstones. They occur in the areas with slopes that are gently sloping. There are two types of shoreline sandstones, which are beach and barrier sandstone. When shoreline sandstones deposit at the beaches, they become narrow, linear, and parallel to the shore while the shore barrier sandstones form finer grains and are more lateral and discontinuous. However, both beach and barrier shoreline sandstones have a similar characteristic, which is that they are unpolluted and well sorted with high porosity and permeability.The next class is the Aeolian sandstones that are windblown by the sand waves found in the coastal environments. The sand dunes heap up ridges of sand forming several crests that are either parallel to the longitudinal dunes or perpendicular to the transverse dunes. Sometimes the peaks are crescent shape...

Critical Reviews On Beloved By Toni Morrison - 1131 Words

Beloved Critical Reviews The past comes back to haunt accurately in Beloved. Written by Toni Morrison, a prominent African-American author and Noble Prize winner for literature, the novel Beloved focuses on Sethe, a former slave who killed her daughter, Beloved, before the story begins. Beloved returns symbolically in the psychological issues of each character and literally in human form. The novel is inspired by the true story of Margaret Garner, a slave in the 1850s, who committed infanticide by killing her child. Barbara Schapiro, the author of â€Å"The Bonds of Love and the Boundaries of Self in Toni Morrison’s Beloved†, Andrew Levy, the author of â€Å"Telling Beloved†, and Karla F.C. Holloway, the author of â€Å"Beloved: A Spiritual†, present ideas of the loss of psychological freedom, the story being â€Å"unspeakable†, Beloved being the past, and the narrative structures of the story rewriting history. Barbara Schapiro criticizes and discu sses how the characters of Beloved struggle to claim their own psychological freedom after being physically freed of slavery and how it cannot be achieved in their societal situation as well as the infantile struggle. In slavery, the slaves were as valued as high as animals. They were not valued as humans, nor considered close to the white people. Schapiro discusses how â€Å"the words atrocity of slavery†¦is not physical death by psychic death† (Schapiro 195). Sethe, the main character, reflects on the terrible memory of her murdering her toddlerShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Association of Maternal Bonds and Identity in Beloved1583 Words   |  7 PagesToni Morrison’s novel, Beloved, is a â€Å"haunting stray of a mother’s love that frames a series of irrelated love stories by multiple narrators† (Bell 61). The main character Sethe is a mother who fails to realize her children’s needs. She attempts to protect her children from the communi ty amongst many other dangers such as slavery and love, however ultimately isolating them. Sethe’s character as well as actions confirms the â€Å"struggle and psychological trauma of slavery† (Napierkowski 35) from whichRead More Character of Beloved in Toni Morrisons Beloved Essays2510 Words   |  11 PagesThe Character of Beloved in Toni Morrisons Beloved Perhaps one of the most important issues in Toni Morrisons award-winning novel Beloved is Morrisons intentional diversity of possible interpretations. However the text is looked at and analyzed, it is the variety of these multiple meanings that confounds any simple interpretation and gives the novel the complexity. The debate rages on over many topics, but one issue of central and basic importance to the understanding of the novel is definingRead MoreBeloved Essay3346 Words   |  14 PagesBeloved Essay In today’s modernized world, it is crucial to be able to comprehend and recognize conflicts dealing with racial tensions due to the increased growth of diversity in nations all over the world. Countries like North America are inhabited by people of different backgrounds, cultures, and colors. Since there is intermingling among everyone, the differences between the diverse ethnic backgrounds could stir up trouble which can lead to serious skirmishes like Watts Rebellion in 1965. ToRead MoreThe Fanonian Conception of Race Essay1704 Words   |  7 Pagesinferiority are also economically realized. Fanon wrote for social change, is for a component for theories that aim for critical consciousness and human emancipation. Race is socially constructed and culturally imposed. 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In this article, I will explore Toni Morrison s The Bluest Eye from a naturalistic perspective; however, while doing so I will propose that because Morrison s novels are distinctly black and examine distinctly black issues, we must expand or deconstruct the traditional theory of naturalism to deal adequately with the African American experience:Read MoreBelonging Essay4112 Words   |  17 Pagesdatabase Log on to the database Literature Resource Centre - HSC English Syllabus via the Waverley library home page either though the internet in the library or at home using your library card. This database includes biographies, bibliographies and critical analyses of HSC English Syllabus authors. 2 Prescribed texts - do not choose from this area. These are the prescribed texts for Belonging. It has been strongly suggested that when you are choosing a related text do not choose from the belowRead MoreBiography of a Runaway Slave3421 Words   |  14 Pages In a chapter entitled Life in the Woods, Montejo talked about his decision to escape. After throwing a rock that hit the head of the overseer, he ran from the fields into nearby wooded hills. Similar to the escaped slave Sethe in Toni Morrisons novel Beloved, Montejo lived in constant fear of capture. Unlike the majority of fugitive slaves in the United States who fled from masters in the American South with a destination in mind (the American North or West), Montejo preferred to remain alone

Operations Management Case Study on Bakery Essay - 4881 Words

Contents 1. Introduction 2 2. Outline of the report 3 3. Best Bake Operational objectives 4 4. Conclusion 16 5. References 17 Introduction This report is a case study about aspects of operations management involved in a bakery. The bakery was founded in 1960s. This is one of the famous bakeries known as Best bake in south of†¦show more content†¦et.al(2006, pp.376-378) says that quality is a reliable performance to the customers. Goods and services are produced by an organization to meet customer requirements. A business can always be improved by managing the quality and also knowing how it can be spreaded throughout the business. It has become an important criteria in the business that has developed in the last many years. It has become a responsibility of all managers to see that the quality is implied in the business products. The customer’s perceptions and expectations defines the quality and needs to be understood in the customer point of view. It is difficult to control quality without measuring it. According to Naylor,J (1996, P.399) manufacturing and service organisations are prospered by keeping up the quality and the one who have not kept have suffered in the climate. It is particularly critical to deliver the customer with a expectation of their individual and needs and criteria. Reliability, responsiveness, tangible factors, assurance and empathy are also defined in terms of quality .It is also suggested by Russell and Taylor (2009, pp.53-55) A firm must consider how consumer defines quality as they know and compare to companies that produce better quality products. â€Å"The consumer is the most important part of the production line. Quality should be aimed at the needs of the consumer, present and future. To make sure that products and services have the quality they have been designed for, strategyShow MoreRelatedBiddys Bakery Case Study945 Words   |  4 PagesRunning Head: Biddys Bakery Case Study Biddys Bakery Case Study Name Institute Name Date The operation of Biddys Bakery was started off by Elizabeth as a hobby initially. In the beginning, the business was operating at a loss however later it was able to attain new and loyal customers. For operation of a facility for a company to be successful, planning for capacity is very important. The term capacity is defined as the maximum output rate that a facility achieves.As there was no capacityRead MoreSundown Bakery Case Study1037 Words   |  5 PagesSundown Bakery Case Study Sundown Bakery Case Study Sundown Bakery reads like a typical small business story where rapid growth can be as detrimental and hard to manage as rapid contraction. Small business owners are typically the type of people who are rich with specific skills, but are missing fundamental management skills and are often ill equipped when it comes to managing rapid expansion of their individual business. Sundown Bakery is no different in my opinion. Through this paper itRead MorePanera Braed Case Analysis1223 Words   |  5 Pagesmeal, service and cost. Panera Bread’s Strategies Its strategies were to make great bread broadly available to consumers across the United Stats by expanding 155 new company-owned and franchised bakery-cafe in 2006 and plan to open another 170 to 180 cafe location in 2007 and to have nearly 2,000 bakery-cafe opened by the end of 2010. Panera Bread’s distinctive menu, signature cafe design, inviting ambience, operating systems and unit location strategy are the key success factors allowed it to competeRead MoreAmys Bread Case Study1532 Words   |  7 PagesAmy’s Bread Case Study Elements 1.) 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Essay On Caffeine - 975 Words

One of the most popular and convenient drugs in the world is consumed by most americans every single day. When drinking a hot cup of coffee in the morning, having a cold glass of soda in your lunch, or sitting down for dinner with your relaxing cup of tea, many fail to realize the main addictive ingredient in all three of these beverages is caffeine. Caffeine is something most people overlook in their daily lives and can be harmful if taken too much. Typically, the majority of not only adults, but more recently a growing number of teenagers, rely on their daily dose of caffeine to get them through the day in hopes to not get a sense of fatigue. â€Å"Eighty three percent of adults can’t imagine life without their favorite cup of java.† (Healthy†¦show more content†¦The story says that a farmer noticed his cattle acting ancy and relentless, a few days later he went to check on them and found berries they had been chewing. These beans had been later dried and ren amed â€Å"coffee beans†, which is a very popular association today between caffeine and users. As stated from this story, the first discovery of anything with caffeine was the coffee bean. Humans have consumed caffeine since the stone age. â€Å"Early peoples found that chewing seeds, bark, or leaves certain plants had the effects of easing fatigue, stimulating awareness, and elevating moods.† (â€Å"Science†). Ever since this time, the people who consumed it knew the effects it would have on your body. By the early 1500’s, caffeine was used regularly to stay awake for nighttime rituals. When this was going on, people into the community started to get suspicious. The ruler of the community banned coffee completely, but didn’t let it last long because the people of the town were so outraged. In the 1980’s, the FDA considered taking caffeine out of all soft drinks. Companies argued that it was a flavor enhancer, so it should be allowed, and t hey won. â€Å"If caffeine had not been accepted as a flavor enhancer, but had been regarded as a psychoactive ingredient, soft drinks might have been regulated by the FDA as drugs.† (Chicago Tribune). This is an ongoing struggle everywhere in the world, and it needs to be addressed more. As I stated before,Show MoreRelatedEssay On Caffeine1032 Words   |  5 Pages Have you ever drank a cola or any type of soda? Have you read or heard about the main ingredient including caffeine? Well caffeine is a bitter powder like substance thats very unhealthy and healthy in the same cause. Caffeine can lead to heart attacks but if taken in the right amount can help with long days at work. Caffeine is in items such as Coca-Cola, mountain dew, coffee etc. all sodas and caffeinated drinks can lead to serious heart failure, heart attacks, insomnia, mood drops and can evenRead MoreEssay On Caffeine921 Words   |  4 Pageswhat you’re doing to your body. Caffeine is this amazing thing that has been around forever. Even when we did not use it, it was used by plants as a defense mechanism. To fight the battle against insects, plants developed the caffeine that we all love and cherish today. It was developed on the Arabic Peninsula around 1000 AD into coffee. And then evolved into what we know today. But other than its history, caffeine has different effects with everybody. Caffeine is also a neuro-stimulant, which meansRead MoreEssay On Caffeine1328 Words   |  6 Pages Today how many people drink caffeine daily and do not realize the harmful effects of doing so? Caffeine is found in many common drinks consumed by both adults and children on a daily basis. People are not concerned with the impact of caffeine on their bodies. Caffeine is addictive and the brain will become dependent on it to keep the mind awake. Caffeine keeps the body from falling asleep by blocking the adenosine receptors; adenosine is what makes the person sleepy. Caffeinated drinks are especiallyRead MoreEssay On Caffeine1454 Words   |  6 Pagesanxiety issues could make that problem for them worse. It is advised if the person does have this issue to use caffeine very carefully. There are many diseases that could possible get worse with the use of caffeine. Bipolar, Bleeding disorders, heart conditions, diabetes, diarrhea, epilepsy, glaucoma, osteoporosis, these are all diseases that could possibly be worsened by the use of caffeine or products with. In young adults drinking 4 or more cups of coffee significantly could risk heart attack andRead MoreEssay On Caffeine1263 Words   |  6 Pages28 May 2017 Caffeine Is A Killer Caffeine is the most utilized and popular nervous system stimulant, but it is legal and unregulated all across the world; however, the question is, should it be regulated because of the consequences that come along with it? Caffeine is killing people with how high the consumption rate has gone up; â€Å"about 83% of adults drink coffee in the U.S.† (Coffee grinds US for the nation, KAren Fernau). Because of how much people are taking advantage of caffeine to get throughRead MoreEssay On Caffeine1129 Words   |  5 PagesCaffeine is a widely used substance that is known to provide wakefulness and allow for better concentration in the workspace or classroom. 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M ix decaffeinated coffee in with regular coffee and drink coffee with low fat milk. Brew tea for less time. It would be better to pick soft drinks without caffeine in them. Then, try to avoid sodas and energy drinks with caffeine added. Speak to a pharmacist or healthcare provider to find out if any of the nonprescription medications or herbal products that one takes include caffeine. Then, try not to change the way he or she takes medication without the adviceRead MoreCaffeine Essay867 Words   |  4 Pagesimprove your memory because of a drug called caffeine. Caffeine is contained in many different kinds of foods and drinks like coffee, chocolate and tea. It is a legal drug that consumed worldwide. Its function is to stimulate the central nervous system associated with brain function that affects mental performance especially alertness, attention and concentration. Theobromine is an active ingredient of chocolate that is found in cocoa. Theobromine and caffeine are related and ha ve similar structures.Read MoreEssay On Caffeine1241 Words   |  5 PagesCaffeine By: Latasha Betsoi 7B †¢ What are the risks of mixing caffeine and alcohol? ‘’When alcohol is mixed with caffeine, the caffeine can mask the depressant effects of alcohol, making drinkers feel more alert than they would otherwise. While mixing caffeine and alcohol is increases your energy and it can mask the effects of alcohol.† Site: www.cdc.gov/alcohol and www.healthline.com †¢ What are the harmful and beneficial effects of caffeine? â€Å"Caffeine acts as a central nervous system

Free Will The Concept Of Moral Responsibility - 1275 Words

Part One, The Thesis: Free-will can be defined as the ability an individual has to act without the limitation of necessity or fate. It the power a person has to act at one’s discretion. Do we really have the freedom to experience what we want, when we choose? Some would say yes while some others will say no, philosophers have argued about this topic and there hasn’t been any particular conclusion yet. It is the ability a person or animal has to choose his or her course of actions. Although most philosophers suppose that the concept of free-will is very closely connected to the concept of moral responsibility. However, there are two various views on free will, the ones that agree that everyone has freewill and the other that disagrees that everyone has free will. These types of views are determinism and libertarianism. Determinism is a theory that everything that occurs happens in accordance with some regular structure or order; it assumes that human actions are determined by previous events. Determinists believe that our actions are pre-determined by fate, by logical necessity, by arbitrary gods, or by a natural cause while libertarianism explains that people are free to choose to act other than they do; it means that humans are with respect to some actions, free to choose and act otherwise. It upholds freedom as its principal objective. Libertarians seek to maximize independence, freedom of choice and also emphasizing constitutional freedom. In order for humans to makeShow MoreRelatedWhat Would It Entail?1221 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: Imagine a world without moral responsibility. What would it entail? Without moral responsibility, legal systems today would necessarily undergo a dramatic revision. I have not a clue what they might result to. 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Triple Talaq Free Essays

Triple Talaq, which is also, know as talaq-e-biddat (Instant divorce) and talaq-e-mughallazh (irrevocable divorce). This is a form of Islamic divorce, which is practiced by Muslims in India. Triple talaq allows any Muslim man to legally divorce his wife by stating the word (Talaq) three time in any form like oral, written or can be in electronic form. We will write a custom essay sample on Triple Talaq or any similar topic only for you Order Now As women and society are getting educated Triple Talaq has become subject of controversy and debate. Because it is not only being violated by some of the men in society but is also has questioned on issues of justice, gender equality, human rights and secularism. This debate has involved Government of India and the supreme court of India. We live in country, which is constitution and gives right to every citizen to life freely. Every citizen of India has right to Equality, which is first one. Right to freedom where every citizen has right to speak and express themselves. Right against exploitation where every citizen has right to speak if they are exploited with something. Right to freedom of religion, India being multi religious and culture citizen has right to follow any culture they want. Equal and educational rights where citizen has right to get educated equally no matter from what cast gender or sex they belong to and know what’s right and good for them and raise voice for the same. Last but not the least Right to constitutional remedies where every citizen has right to raise voice and take it Supreme Court for justice. And talking about this issue it is seen that amongst 6 of the rights that every citizen of India holds hardly any of them is practiced completely. And the victims of this is none another but MUSLIM women of the country. Talking about Islam In the words of prophet Mohammad,† Of all the lawful things, divorce is the most hated by Allah.† The fundamental issues is the by default right for talaq is only granted to man, it get mandatory for woman to make a clause in her marriage contract that even she can decide to end the marriage. Which is known as Talaq-e-Isma.But because of lack of knowledge or from pressure of her own family a woman cant do that, which give whole and soul power in the hands of her husband which is sometimes just taken for granted. Why can they not live the way they want? Why do the have to fear man they get married to and give them power to decide if they want marriage or not? Why should they suppress under them? When they have a bright future and this doesn’t always mean not getting married, but even they can have power to decide, even they can grow and stand above or with men in the society. And the biggest question is HOW MANY WOMEN IN INDA ARE AWARE OF THEIR ISLAMIC RIGHTS? This has led man to by default have all the power and for women there are *terms and condition applied. Reference Aishwarya Krishnan. 2018.  List of Fundamental Rights in Constitution of India: Supreme Court Rules Privacy as a Fundamental Right | Buzz News, India.com. [ONLINE] Available at:  https://www.india.com/buzz/list-of-fundamental-rights-in-constitution-of-india-supreme-court-rules-privacy-as-a-fundamental-right-2424171/. [Accessed 11 October 2018]. Feminism In India. 2018.  A Woman-Friendly Nikah-Nama And Muslim Women’s Right To Divorce | Feminism In India. [ONLINE] Available at:  https://feminisminindia.com/2017/04/27/nikah-nama-muslim-women-divorce/. [Accessed 11 October 2018] Feminism In India. 2018.  What Does The Quran Actually Say About Triple Talaq?. [ONLINE] Available at:  https://feminisminindia.com/2017/08/23/quran-triple-talaq/. [Accessed 11 October 2018]. The different methods of Islamic separation – Part 2: The different types of Talaq. 2018.  The different methods of Islamic separation – Part 2: The different types of Talaq. [ONLINE] Available at:  http://www.familylaw.co.uk/news_and_comment/the-different-methods-of-islamic-separation-part-2-the-different-types-of-talaq#.W78g7C9L2u4. [Accessed 11 October 2018]. How to cite Triple Talaq, Papers

Impact of IT on Airlines Industry for Airways - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theImpact of IT on Airlines Industry for British Airways. Answer: Introduction As we are going to discuss about impact of IT on business of Airlines Industry, so here the selected business company is British Airways that is one of the top airlines companies. British Airways is a large airline and global airline in the United Kingdom. A million of passengers are carried by this airline every year. The turnover of this company was m 11,333 in 2015 and it is increasing now. There are various competitors of British Airways that put influence over revenue of this airlines. British Airways deals with Information Technology for a perfect management of passengers, flights, baggage, ticket bookings, seat bookings and cost of flights according to different classes. It is very difficult and cumbersome to manage these big activities manually. Therefore, IT applications are beneficial to use for handling this type of complex business operations. Discussion In this segment, we will emphasize on actual need of IT for business of British Airways and what kind of benefits and challenges will be provided by IT to BA. Does Business of British Airways need IT? Yes, business of British Airways need IT. As we have already discussed above that there are various operations of British Airways that cannot be managed manually and will take time to complete. In this case, Information Technology has capability to perform these operations in appropriate ways and accurate outcomes can be generated in less time. According to analysis, it is found that after investment in IT sector, this airlines has got 20% increment in profit. Due to a solid information system, British Airways is managing its airlines service in appropriate ways. It is sake of information technology that customers of British Airways are using its services easily. Besides this, cost of IT applications is also less that are used for online ticket booking, seat reservation and for other services by customers, so for BA there will be no issue to arrange very big budget for IT services. The high level security is also provided by IT applications for companys confidential information which is required by every business organization. Importance of IT for Business Survival of British Airways The main thing of information technology in business of British Airways is rising profit of company with 20% (ITC Infotech, 2017). According to Chief Information Officer of British Airways Paul Coby, the technology is used by British Airways to drive the rearrangement of business processes, to cut down heavy costs and removing complexity of business processes. Besides this, to transform short haul flight businesses IT strategy also provides help to BA (vivianmeril, 2017). In UK, the competition level of airlines industry is increasing day by day. To survive in this competitive market, IT applications are required to use by British Airways. As we know that customer support and satisfaction is important for every business organization and in airline industry it has become a major issue to survive. British Airways Company also needs to focus on this problem. The latest technologies of IT are helpful to resolve this problem and BA can use these technologies to provide higher level of customer satisfaction and to survive in business (Czerny and Zhang, 2014). The resource management technique plays an important role in management of British Airlines business. BA is a largest airlines in United Kingdom, so it is difficult to manage each resource here properly. In this case, IT plays an important role to automate the complex issues such as finance and human resources and tangible goods of British Airways. Cloud based solutions and internet are also helpful fo r software engineers of BA to introduce cloud based enterprise solutions to manage business resources properly. Requirement to Apply IT for British Airways To get desired outcomes from information technology, it is necessary to fulfill its all key requirements by British Airways. There are some essential requirements of IT to apply it into business of British Airways (Eun-Song Bae and Daecheol Kim, 2014). First of all, to implement a new IT application into business, BA has to hire skilled and experienced workers who have sound knowledge in information technology. The IT application that will be used in British Airways will not be easy that is why experienced and qualified personnel are required for this purpose. The new implemented technology will be used by all employees of British Airways, therefore, every employee who will work with new IT application that should have knowledge about handling of automatic system that can help to solve critical problems such as decision making etc. It is also necessary for British Airways to use a system that is capable to handle IT software solutions that are used for ticketing system. (Tracy, 2017) . How British Airways uses IT? Information Technology is considered a central part of airline business. The main goals of IT is to achieve objectives of appropriate communication with passengers, to enhance reliability of booking system of BA and to store passengers information in secured way. Due to usage of appropriate software solutions of IT by British Airways, this airlines is highly preferred as compare to other airlines companies (Arjomandi and Seufert, 2014). The latest smart phone technologies such as android, iPhone and windows applications are useful to access scheduling and rescheduling of flights. It has become easier for passengers to book and cancel tickets by using smartphones (ComputerWeekly, 2017). To get latest updates about airline industry, information technology is also considered so much helpful. Another essential way in which IT is used in British Airways is automation (Escobari, 2017). The latest software solution that is used in British Airways has potential to communicate with flights an d to update the latest data for security purpose. Benefits and Advantages of Information Technology Information Technology has provided various benefits to British Airways and one of those benefits is the scope of analyze the specific data regarding the business and to plan business accordingly. Besides this, various important tools are provided by Information Technology that will be helpful to solve complicated problems and to make the plan for scalability of British Airways. The implementation of concept of online ticket booking by local and remote customers of British Airways by IT solution, is a key benefit of using of IT in BA. This process is known as digitalized marketing. The modern modes to communicate with customers online such as emails, messages, calling etc. helps BA to attract more customers towards its business. Besides this, the usage of cloud platform of IT helps BA to store huge amount of information of passengers into cloud database that is easier to access from anywhere in the world (Business-standard.com, 2017). Risks of IT for British Airways Business Besides benefits of IT in British Airways, there are also some risk factors exist that encounter by this airlines. The failure of hardware and software components is considered most vulnerable risk. Abnormal shutdown of systems and damage of server are common problems that can be encountered by British Airways (Google Books, 2017). This may cause great problems for British Airways and for its passengers due to heavy loss of information from database. The database of BA consists of personal information of customers and their payment information and due to hardware or software damage whole information can be lost. Other issue is of security and privacy issue of internet that is violated by hacking and phishing attacks of hackers (Harvard Business Review, 2017). It is necessary for British Airways to be careful about these issues while using IT applications (Escobari and Jindapon, 2014). How British Airways can Maintain and Monitor IT? The maintenance and monitoring of IT is important for British Airways. There are several technologies that are used by airlines industry to maintain IT and British Airways should also use those technologies. Firstly it is necessary for management of BA to focus on overall infrastructure of company. The experienced and responsible employees of BA should be organized to monitor the systems of Information Technology. Besides this, advanced and intelligent system monitoring tools should be used by BA to identify bugs and errors into system and to produce accurate results. In this way, IT can be maintained and monitoring into British Airways. Conclusion As we can see that how a large airlines company British Airways has influence of Information Technology. There are various benefits are provided by IT to British Airways, but some risk factors are also included in it regarding security, privacy and system violation that must be controlled at developers end and British Airlines should also be careful about these issues. References ComputerWeekly. (2017). British Airways cites IT investment as key factor in 20% profit increase. [online] Available at: https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/British-Airways-cites-IT-investment-as-key-factor-in-20-profit-increase [Accessed 30 May 2017]. vivianmeril (2017). Introduction to Airline Industry. [online] Slideshare.net. Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/vivianmeril/introduction-to-airline-industry [Accessed 30 May 2017]. Escobari, D. and Jindapon, P. (2014). Price discrimination through refund contracts in airlines. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 34, pp.1-8. ITC Infotech. (2017). Airlines IT Solutions - Airline Industry Consulting Service | ITC Infotech. [online] Available at: https://www.itcinfotech.com/industries/airlines [Accessed 30 May 2017]. Tracy, C. (2017). Top 10 Largest Airlines in the World - Tharawat Magazine. [online] Tharawat Magazine. Available at: https://www.tharawat-magazine.com/facts/10-largest-airlines/#gs.rDMn12Q [Accessed 30 May 2017]. Arjomandi, A. and Seufert, J. (2014). An evaluation of the world's major airlines' technical and environmental performance. Economic Modelling, 41, pp.133-144. Czerny, A. and Zhang, A. (2014). Airport congestion pricing when airlines price discriminate. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 65, pp.77-89. Escobari, D. (2017). Estimating Dynamic Demand for Airlines. SSRN Electronic Journal. Business-standard.com. (2017). London airports mayhem: British Airways blames Indian IT services. [online] Available at: https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/london-airports-mayhem-british-airways-blames-indian-it-services-117052800148_1.html [Accessed 30 May 2017]. Harvard Business Review. (2017). Competing on Customer Service: An Interview with British Airways Sir Colin Marshall. [online] Available at: https://hbr.org/1995/11/competing-on-customer-service-an-interview-with-british-airways-sir-colin-marshall [Accessed 30 May 2017]. Eun-Song Bae and Daecheol Kim (2014). Service Quality Improvement for Airlines by Utilizing QFD and Fuzzy Theory. Productivity Review, 28(1), pp.75-98. Google Books. (2017). INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, 2ND ED (With CD ). [online] Available at: https://books.google.co.in/books?id=RNPiZmHVWxECpg=PA425lpg=PA425dq=importance+of+information+technology+in+british+airwayssource=blots=RtKlB9DyLzsig=RQSiwDFMMIueCk2ElNDZC-Lq-l8hl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwjL7bGupZfUAhVGP48KHRVWD4IQ6AEINTAD#v=onepageq=importance%20of%20information%20technology%20in%20british%20airwaysf=false [Accessed 30 May 2017].

Modern Project Management Answer Key free essay sample

Multiple Choice Questions 1. The advent of project management has been most profound in A. Automobile manufacturing B. Construction C. Information technology D. The U.S. Department of Defense E. Film making The impact of project management is most profound in the area of electronics industry, where the new folk heroes are young professionals whose Herculean efforts lead to the constant flow of new hardware and software products. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Comprehension Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Easy 2. A professional organization for project management specialists is the A. PMI B. AMA C. MIS D. IPM E. PMBOK The Project Management Institute (PMI), is a professional organization for project managers. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Comprehension Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Easy 3. Which of the following is not considered to be a characteristic of a project? A. An established objective B. A clear beginning and end C. Complex tasks D. Only for internal use E. Never been done before See List on Page 5. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Application Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Medium 4. Which of the following activities is not considered a project? A. Developing a new software program B. Designing a space station C. Preparing the site for the Olympic Games D. Production of automobile tires E. Developing a new advertising program A project is not routine, repetitive work! Ordinary daily work typically requires doing the same or similar work over and over, while a project is done only once; a new product or service exists when the project is completed. AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Evaluation Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Medium 5. From among the following activities, which is the best example of a project? A. Processing insurance claims B. Producing automobiles C. Writing a term paper D. Completing a college degree E. All of these are good examples of projects See table 1.1 on Page 6. AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Analysis Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Medium 6. Which of the following constraints is not typically found in managing projects? A. Time B. People C. Cost D. Performance E. Both B and D are not typical constraints Specific time, cost, and performance requirements bind projects. AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Comprehension Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Medium 7. Which of the following choices is not one of the stages of a project life cycle? A. Conceptualizing B. Defining C. Planning D. Executing E. Delivering See List on Page 7. AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Knowledge Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Medium 8. In which of the following stages are project objectives established, teams formed, and major responsibilities assigned? A. Conceptualizing B. Defining C. Planning D. Executing E. Delivering Specifications of the project are defined; project objectives are established; teams are formed; major responsibilities are assigned. AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Comprehension Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Medium 9. In which of the following stages is a major portion of the physical and mental project work performed? A. Conceptualizing B. Defining C. Planning D. Executing E. Delivering A major portion of the project work takes place—both physical and mental. AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Application Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Medium 10. In which of the following stages are you more likely to find status reports, many changes, and the creation of forecasts? A. Conceptualizing B. Defining C. Planning D. Executing E. Delivering Time, cost, and specification measures are used for control. AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Application Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Medium 11. Which of the following characteristics is not typical of a project manager? A. Managing a temporary activity B. Possesses in-depth technical knowledge C. Managing a non-repetitive activity D. Manages independently of the formal organization E. Provides a direct link to the customer Increased competition has placed a premium on customer satisfaction. Customers no longer simply settle for generic products and services. AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Analysis Learning Objective: The Importance of Project Management Level: Difficult 12. Which of the following choices is not one of the driving forces behind the increasing demand for project management? A. Compression of the product life cycle B. Knowledge explosion C. Development of third world and closed economies D. More emphasis on the product and less on the customer E. Corporate downsizing Increased customer attention has prompted the development of customized products and services. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Application Learning Objective: The Importance of Project Management Level: Medium 13. Which of the following statements is true? A. Project management is becoming a standard way of doing business B. Project management is increasingly contributing to achieving organizational strategies C. Project management is being used at a consistent percentage of a firms efforts D. Both A and B are true E. A, B, and C are all true Project management is no longer a special-need management. It is rapidly becoming a standard way of doing business. The future promises an increase in the importance and the role of projects in contributing to the strategic direction of organizations. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Comprehension Learning Objective: The Importance of Project Management Level: Difficult 14. Project management is ideally suited for a business environment requiring all of the following except A. Accountability B. Flexibility C. Innovation D. Speed E. Repeatability Competing in a global market influenced by rapid change, innovation, and time to market means organizations manage more and more projects. AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Comprehension Learning Objective: Project Management Today An Integrated Approach Level: Medium 15. Which of the following is the number one characteristic that is looked for in management candidates? A. Overall intelligence B. Works well with others C. Experience D. Past successes E. Good references The phrase works well with others has long been a staple on grade school report cards; now, in the IT world, its the No. 1 criterion for management candidates.(See Research Highlight on page 16). AACSB: Communication Blooms: Comprehension Learning Objective: Project Management Today An Integrated Approach Level: Medium 16. A common rule of thumb in the world of high-tech product development is that a six-month project delay can result in a loss of product revenue share of ___ percent. The waste on failed projects and cost overruns is estimated in the neighborhood of A. 10 B. 20 C. 33 D. 45 E. 50 A common rule of thumb in the world of high-tech product development is that a six-month project delay can result in a 33 percent loss in product revenue share. AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Comprehension Learning Objective: The Importance of Project Management Level: Medium 17. The waste on failed projects and cost overruns is estimated in the neighborhood of A. Under $100 Million B. Over $150 Billon C. Under $10 Billion D. Between $90-$100 Billion E. Between $125-$135 Billion The need for elevating performance continues to challenge the project management profession. The waste on failed projects and cost overruns is estimated in the neighborhood of over $150 billion! AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Knowledge Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Easy 18. Which of the following is the first step in developing a set of strategies designed to best meet the needs of customers? A. Market Research B. Define the Integrated Project Management System C. Environmental Analysis D. Project Selection E. All of the above are correct Project management is critical both to development of customized products and services and to sustaining lucrative relationships with customers. AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Knowledge Learning Objective: The Importance of Project Management Level: Easy 19. Integration of project management with the organization takes place with the A. Master budget B. Strategy plan C. Process of managing actual projects D. Both b and c are correct E. A, B, and C are all correct Since projects are the modus operandi, strategic alignment of projects is of major importance to conserving and effective use of organization resources. Selection criteria need to ensure each project is prioritized and contributes to strategic goals. AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Knowledge Learning Objective: Project Management Today An Integrated Approach Level: Medium 20. Two dimensions within the project management process are A. Technical and sociocultural B. Cost and time C. Planned and unexpected D. Established and new E. Unique and reoccurring There are two dimensions within the actual execution of projects (see Figure 1.3. The Technical and Sociocultural Dimensions of the Project Management Process on page 15). AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Knowledge Learning Objective: Project Management Today An Integrated Approach Level: Easy 21. Which of these is not part of the technical dimension of project management? A. WBS B. Budgets C. Problem solving D. Schedules E. Status reports See Figure 1.3. The Technical and Sociocultural Dimensions of the Project Management Process on page 15. AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Knowledge Learning Objective: Project Management Today An Integrated Approach Level: Medium 22. Which of these is not part of the sociocultural dimension of project management? A. Negotiation B. Resource allocation C. Customer expectations D. Leadership E. Politics See Figure 1.3. The Technical and Sociocultural Dimensions of the Project Management Process on page 15. AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Comprehension Learning Objective: Project Management Today An Integrated Approach Level: Medium 23. Corporate downsizing has increased the trend toward A. Reducing the number of projects a company initiates B. Outsourcing significant segments of project work C. Using dedicated project teams D. Shorter project lead times E. Longer project lead times Companies outsource significant segments of project work, and project managers have to manage not only their own people but also their counterparts in different organizations. AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Comprehension Learning Objective: The Importance of Project Management Level: Medium 24. The importance of project management has increased due to A. The movement of manufacturing operations out of the U.S B. Time to market C. The movement toward flatter and leaner organizations D. Both a and b are true E. A, B, and C are all true One of the most significant driving forces behind the demand for project management is the shortening of the product life cycle. In todays flatter and leaner organizations, where change is a constant, project management is replacing middle management as a way of ensuring that things get done. Corporate downsizing has also led to a change in the way organizations approach projects. Companies outsource significant segments of project work, and project managers have to manage not only their own people but also their counterparts in different organizations. AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Synthesis Learning Objective: The Importance of Project Management Level: Difficult 25. Which of the following is not typically the responsibility of a project manger? A. Meeting budget requirements B. Meeting schedule requirements C. Meeting performance specifications D. Coordinates the actions of the team members E. All of these are typical responsibilities They must ensure that appropriate trade-offs are made between the time, cost, and performance requirements of the project. AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Knowledge Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Easy 26. A series of coordinated, related, multiple projects that continue over extended time intended to achieve a goal is known as a A. Strategy B. Program C. Campaign D. Crusade E. Venture A program is a group of related projects designed to accomplish a common goal over an extended period of time. AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Comprehension Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Easy 27. In which of the following stages is it determined what the project will entail, when it will be scheduled, whom it will benefit, and what the budget will be? A. Conceptualizing B. Defining C. Planning D. Executing E. Delivering The level of effort increases, and plans are developed to determine what the project will entail, when it will be scheduled, whom it will benefit, what quality level should be maintained, and what the budget will be. AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Comprehension Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Easy 28. Competing in a global market is influenced by A. Rapid change B. Innovation C. Time to market D. Politics E. A, B, and C are all true Competing in a global market influenced by rapid change, innovation, and time to market means organizations manage more and more projects. AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Comprehension Learning Objective: Project Management Today An Integrated Approach Level: Easy 29. Integration of all project processes and practices to improve Project Management is due to A. Centralization B. Environmental analysis C. Customer Expectations D. Project management system E. The organizations environment and culture Centralization entails integration of all project processes and practices to improve project management. AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Application Learning Objective: Project Management Today An Integrated Approach Level: Easy 30. From 1994 to 2009 the trend for projects late or over budget was: A. Significantly better B. Slightly better C. About the same D. Slightly worse E. Significantly worse Failed projects also declined from 31 percent in 1994 to 18 percent in 2004. However, the CHAOS Summary 2009 report shows a small decrease in the numbers. AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Evaluation Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Medium Fill in the Blank Questions 31. Like most organizational effort, the major goal of a project is to __________. satisfy a customers need Like most organizational effort, the major goal of a project is to satisfy a customers need. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Comprehension Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Medium 32. The initial stage in the Project Life Cycle is the __________ stage. defining Specifications of the project are defined; project objectives are established; teams are formed; major responsibilities are assigned. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Application Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Easy 33. The final stage in the Project Life Cycle is the __________ stage. closure Closure includes three activities: delivering the project product to the customer, redeploying project resources, and post-project review. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Application Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Easy 34. The __________, a professional organization for project managers, has grown from 93,000 in 2002 to more than 230,000 currently. PMI The Project Management Institute (PMI), is a professional organization for project managers. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Comprehension Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Easy 35. In the __________ stage of the Project Life Cycle a major part of the project work, both physical and mental, takes place. executing A major portion of the project work takes place—both physical and mental. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Application Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Easy 36. In the _________ stage of the Project Life Cycle what will be accomplished by the project is determined along with the projects schedule and budget. planning The level of effort increases, and plans are developed to determine what the project will entail, when it will be scheduled, whom it will benefit, what quality level should be maintained, and what the budget will be. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Application Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Easy 37. A common rule of thumb in the world of high-tech product development is that a six-month project delay can result in a __________ percent loss in product revenue share. thirty-three A common rule of thumb in the world of high-tech product development is that a six-month project delay can result in a 33 percent loss in product revenue share. AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Comprehension Learning Objective: The Importance of Project Management Level: Medium 38. In todays high-tech industries the product life cycle is averaging _________ years. 1 to 3 Today in high-tech industries the product life cycle is averaging 1 to 3 years. Only 30 years ago, life cycles of 10 to 15 years were not uncommon. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Knowledge Learning Objective: The Importance of Project Management Level: Easy 39. The advent of many small projects has created the need for an organization that can support __________ management. multiproject This climate has created a multiproject environment and a plethora of new problems. Sharing and prioritizing resources across a portfolio of projects is a major challenge for senior management. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Knowledge Learning Objective: The Importance of Project Management Level: Easy 40. Increased competition has placed a premium on customer satisfaction and the development of __________ products and services. customized Customers want customized products and services that cater to their specific needs. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Knowledge Learning Objective: The Importance of Project Management Level: Easy 41. In some organizations, selection and management of projects often fail to support the broad-based _________ of the organization. strategic plan Today, projects are the modus operandi for implementing strategy. Yet in some organizations, selection and management of projects often fail to support the strategic plan of the organization. AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Knowledge Learning Objective: Project Management Today An Integrated Approach Level: Medium 42. WBS, schedules, and budgets are examples of the _________ dimension of the project management process. technical See Figure 1.3. The Technical and Sociocultural Dimensions of the Project Management Process on page 15. AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Comprehension Learning Objective: Project Management Today An Integrated Approach Level: Medium 43. Leadership, teamwork, and negotiation are examples of the _________ dimension of the project management process. sociocultural See Figure 1.3. The Technical and Sociocultural Dimensions of the Project Management Process on page 15. AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Comprehension Learning Objective: Project Management Today An Integrated Approach Level: Medium 44. The ________ is a professional organization for project management specialists. Project Management Institute (PMI) The Project Management Institute (PMI), is a professional organization for project managers. AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Comprehension Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Easy 45. One of the defining characteristics of a project is that it has a singular purpose, i.e., an established ________. objective Projects have a defined objective—whether it is constructing a 12-story apartment complex by January 1 or releasing version 2.0 of a specific software package as quickly as possible. AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Comprehension Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Easy 46. Because projects have a defined beginning and end, the ________ is frequently used to manage the transition of a project from start to completion. Project Life Cycle The project life cycle typically passes sequentially through four stages: defining, planning, executing, and delivering. AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Synthesis Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Difficult 47. The development of schedules, budgets, and identifying risks are common elements to the ________ stage of the project life cycle. planning The level of effort increases, and plans are developed to determine what the project will entail, when it will be scheduled, whom it will benefit, what quality level should be maintained, and what the budget will be. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Application Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Medium 48. The establishment of project goals, specifications, and responsibilities usually occurs in the ________ stage of the project life cycle. defining Specifications of the project are defined; project objectives are established; teams are formed; major responsibilities are assigned. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Application Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Medium 49. Training the customer, reassigning staff, and releasing resources occurs in the ________ stage of the project life cycle. closure Includes three activities: delivering the project product to the customer, redeploying project resources, and post-project review. Delivery of the project might include customer training and transferring documents. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Application Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Medium 50. Project managers are expected to ensure that appropriate trade-offs are made between the time, cost, and __________ requirements of the project. performance Project managers are ultimately responsible for performance (frequently with too little authority). They must ensure that appropriate trade-offs are made between the time, cost, and performance requirements of the project. AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Analysis Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Medium 51. The growth in ________ has increased the complexity of projects because projects typically include the latest advances. new knowledge The growth in new knowledge has increased the complexity of projects because projects encompass the latest advances. Product complexity has increased the need to integrate divergent technologies. Project management has emerged as an important discipline for achieving this task. AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Knowledge Learning Objective: The Importance of Project Management Level: Medium 52. A _________ is a series of coordinated, related; multiple projects that continue over extended time intended to achieve a goal. program A program is a group of related projects designed to accomplish a common goal over an extended period of time. AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Comprehension Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Easy 53. In the __________ stage, it determined what the project will entail, when it will be scheduled, whom it will benefit, and what the budget will be. planning The level of effort increases, and plans are developed to determine what the project will entail, when it will be scheduled, whom it will benefit, what quality level should be maintained, and what the budget will be. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Application Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Easy True / False Questions 54. Because of the profitability motive, project management is nearly always limited to the private sector. FALSE Project management is not limited to the private sector. Project management is also a vehicle for doing good deeds and solving social problems. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Application Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Easy 55. Ten years ago major universities offered only one or two classes in project management, primarily for engineers. TRUE Ten years ago major universities offered one or two classes in project management, primarily for engineers. Today, most universities offer multiple sections of project management classes, with the core group of engineers being supplemented by business students majoring in marketing, management information systems (MIS). AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Application Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Easy 56. The professional certification for project managers is a Project Management Professional (PMP). TRUE PMI provides certification as a Project Management Professional (PMP)—someone who has documented sufficient project experience, agreed to follow the PMI code of professional conduct, and demonstrated mastery of the field of project management by passing a comprehensive examination. (See Snapshot on Page 4). AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Application Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Easy 57. Because of its flexibility, project management is equally useful in ongoing, routine work as well as unique, one-time projects. FALSE A project is not routine, repetitive work! Ordinary daily work typically requires doing the same or similar work over and over, while a project is done only once; a new product or service exists when the project is completed. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Application Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Easy 58. One of the defining characteristics of project management is that the projects are not confined to a single department but involve several departments and professionals. TRUE One of the major characteristics is the involvement of several departments and professionals. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Comprehension Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Medium 59. One of the characteristics that separate project management from other endeavors of the organization is that there are specific time, cost, and performance requirements. TRUE Major characteristics are specific time, cost, and performance requirements. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Comprehension Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Medium 60. The singular purpose of a project is often lacking in daily organizational life in which workers perform repetitive operations each day. TRUE This singular purpose is often lacking in daily organizational life in which workers perform repetitive operations each day. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Comprehension Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Medium 61. Since a construction company builds many buildings the projects after the first building do not fit the definition of a project. FALSE All projects are nonroutine and has some unique elements. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Comprehension Level: Medium 62. The first stage in the Project Life Cycle is the Concept stage. FALSE The first stage is defining. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Application Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Easy 63. A major portion of the project work, both physical and mental, takes place during the Production stage of the Project Life Cycle. FALSE A major portion of the project work, both physical and mental is done in the executing stage. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Application Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Medium 64. In practice, the amount of work accomplished in each stage of the Project Life Cycle will vary greatly depending on the department or work group. TRUE In practice, the project life cycle is used by some project groups to depict the timing of major tasks over the life of the project. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Application Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Easy 65. Because of the requirement for in-depth expertise, project management is generally restricted to specialists. FALSE Unlike their functional counterparts, project managers generally possess only rudimentary technical knowledge. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Knowledge Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Easy 66. On the project team, the Marketing manager is the primary, direct link with the customer. FALSE Project Managers are typically the direct link to the customer and must manage the tension between customer expectations and what is feasible and reasonable. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Knowledge Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Easy 67. One of the most significant driving forces behind the demand for project management is the ever increasing expansion of the product life cycle. FALSE One of the most significant driving forces behind the demand for project management is the shortening of the product life cycle. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Application Learning Objective: The Importance of Project Management Level: Easy 68. Unlike their functional counterparts, project managers generally possess only rudimentary technical knowledge to make trade-off decisions. TRUE Unlike their functional counterparts, project managers generally possess only rudimentary technical knowledge. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Knowledge Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Medium 69. Because of the significant loss in potential product revenue, time to market has become one of the most critical factors in developing new products. TRUE Time to market for new products with short life cycles has become increasingly important. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Application Learning Objective: The Importance of Project Management Level: Easy 70. A common rule of thumb in the world of high-tech product development is that a six-month project delay can result in a 33 percent loss in product revenue share. TRUE A common rule of thumb in the world of high-tech product development is that a six-month project delay can result in a 33 percent loss in product revenue share. Speed, therefore, becomes a competitive advantage; more and more organizations are relying on cross-functional project teams to get new products and services to the market as quickly as possible. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Application Learning Objective: The Importance of Project Management Level: Easy 71. Project management integration necessitates combining all of the major dimensions of project management under one umbrella. TRUE Project management integration necessitates combining all of the major dimensions of project management under one umbrella. Each dimension is connected in one seamless, integrated domain. Integration means applying a set of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to a collection of projects in order to move the organization toward its strategic goals. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Comprehension Learning Objective: Project Management Today An Integrated Approach Level: Easy 72. Due to corporate downsizing significant segments of project work have been outsourced to other organizations. TRUE Corporate downsizing has also led to a change in the way organizations approach projects. Companies outsource significant segments of project work, and project managers have to manage not only their own people but also their counterparts in different organizations. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Knowledge Learning Objective: The Importance of Project Management Level: Easy 73. Smaller projects in larger organizations tend not to need project management skills. FALSE Many small projects can eat up the people resources of a firm and represent hidden costs not measured in the accounting system. Organizations with many small projects going on concurrently face the most difficult project management problems. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Knowledge Learning Objective: The Importance of Project Management Level: Medium 74. In the current trends, Project managers are typically required to manage many diverse systems such as; networks, bar charts, job costing, task forces, partnering and schedule, to manage projects. FALSE Project managers must shape a project culture that stimulates teamwork and high levels of personal motivation as well as a capacity to quickly identify and resolve problems that threaten project work. This dimension also involves managing the interface between the project and external environment. Project managers have to assuage and shape expectations of customers, sustain the political support of top management, negotiate with their functional counterparts, monitor subcontractors, and so on. Overall, the manager must build a cooperative social network among a divergent set of allies with different standards, commitments, and perspectives. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Comprehension Learning Objective: Project Management Today An Integrated Approach Level: Easy 75. Project management is usually restricted to specialists. FALSE Unlike their functional counterparts, project managers generally possess only rudimentary technical knowledge. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Comprehension Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Easy 76. Project management is becoming a standard way of doing business. TRUE Project management is no longer a special-need management. It is rapidly becoming a standard way of doing business. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Application Learning Objective: The Importance of Project Management Level: Easy Short Answer Questions 77. Compare and contrast the Product Life Cycle and the Project Life Cycle. Product Life Cycle deals with the time it takes to develop a product and the time it remains in the marketplace. The Project Life Cycle is the stages that a new product goes through while being developed. AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Analysis Learning Objective: The Importance of Project Management Level: Medium 78. Identify the five major characteristics of a project. see list on page 5 of your text AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Comprehension Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Medium 79. Identify and briefly describe the four stages of the Project Life Cycle. see list on page 1-7 AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Knowledge Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Easy 80. Project managers perform the same functions as other managers. Agree or Disagree and support your decision. Many of the same basic management functions are performed by project managers; however, there are aspects of the project managers job that make it unique. AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Analysis Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Medium 81. Identify and briefly describe the six factors that are increasing the demand for project management. 1. compression of the product life cycle, 2. knowledge explosion, 3. triple bottom line, 4. corporate downsizing, 5. increased customer focus, 6. small projects represent big problems AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Comprehension Learning Objective: The Importance of Project Management Level: Difficult 82. What is meant by an Integrated Project Management Process? All efforts are focused toward the strategic plan. Piece meal tools are no longer accepted. AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Comprehension Learning Objective: Project Management Today An Integrated Approach Level: Difficult 83. Identify and briefly discuss the two key areas where project management need to be integrated within the organization. 1. with the Strategic Plan and 2. within the process of managing actual projects AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Comprehension Learning Objective: Project Management Today An Integrated Approach Level: Medium 84. Identify and briefly discuss the two key dimensions of managing actual projects. 1. Technical and 2. Sociocultural AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Comprehension Learning Objective: Project Management Today An Integrated Approach Level: Medium 85. The success of individual projects is typically measured by performance compared to three constraints usually placed on all projects. Identify and briefly describe those three constraints. 1. time, 2. cost, and 3. performance AACSB: Reflective Thinking Blooms: Comprehension Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Medium 86. Describe what it means that a Project Manager must work with a diverse troupe of characters? They are typically the direct link to the customer and must manage the tension between customer expectations and what is feasible and reasonable. Project managers provide direction, coordination, and integration to the project team, which is often made up of part-time participants loyal to their functional departments. They often must work with a cadre of outsiders—vendors, suppliers, subcontractors—who do not necessarily share their project allegiance. AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Analysis Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Medium 87. What is the difference between a project and a program? The terms are often used interchangeably in business, however, a program is considered to be a series of coordinated, related, and multiple projects that continue over extended time intended to achieve a goal. AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Comprehension Learning Objective: What is a Project? Level: Medium 88. Describe the connection between Project Management and an organizations Strategic Plan. Today the emphasis is on an integrated project management process that focuses all project effort toward the strategic plan of the organization. AACSB: Analytic Blooms: Comprehension Learning Objective: Project Management Today An Integrated Approach Level: Medium